ဝဳကဳပဳဒဳယာ

သိပ္ပံ

သိပ္ပံ (အၚ်္ဂလိက်: Science) မကၠုင်နူ အရေဝ်ပါဠိ (သိပ္ပ)၊ သံသကြိုတ် (ၐိလ်ပ शिल्प) မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ ကွတ် (art)၊ ကွတ်တဲ (craft)၊ ပညာ (skill)၊[၁] အရေဝ်အင်္ဂလိက် Science ဂှ် ကၠုင်နူ လေတ်တေန် scientia မဂွံအဓိပ္ပါယ် ပညာ/ကွတ်မတီ [၂]ဟီုမ္ဂးဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မကၠောန်ဗဒှ်၊ မလ္ၚတ်ကတ်ကေတ် ကွတ်ပညာ ပရူနာနာသာ် ဗွဲမစှ်ေသၞောတ် နကဵုဗီုပြင် မပသောင်ကလး စမ်ၜတ်ဂွံ (testable explanations) ကေုာံ မဟီုဂးဂတဂွံ (predictions)၊၊ [၃][၄][၅]

The Universe represented as multiple disk-shaped slices across time, which passes from left to right.

ရိုဟ်ကၞက် သိပ္ပံ ကၠာအိုတ်ဂှ် ယဝ်ဒတောဝ်ဗက်မ္ဂး ကၠုင်နူ အဳဂျေပ်တြေံ ကေုာံ မေသဝ်ပဝ်တမဳယျာ (Mesopotamia) ပ္ဍဲခေတ် အကြာသၞာံ ၃၅၀၀ ကဵု ၃၀၀၀ ဘဳသဳ ဟီုမာန်ရ၊၊[၆][၇] ကွတ်သင်္ချာ၊ ကွတ်နက္ခတ်၊ ကေုာံ ကွတ်ဂဥုဲ မဒှ်အရာဒဿနသဘာဝ ဂကူဂရိတ်တြေံတြဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ညးတအ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုဟိုတ်သဘာဝတုဲ ဖန်ဗဒှ် ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပတိုန် နကဵုမပသောင်ကလး မၞုံကဵုသက်သဳသာဓက ပ္ဍဲဂၠးကဝ်ရုပ္ပဗေဒရ၊၊[၆][၇] ကြဴနူ အေန်ပါယျာရဝ်မ ကရေက်ပလိုတ် သရိုဟ်လီုအာတုဲ လညာတ်ဂရိတ် မဆေင်ကဵု ဂၠးတိဂှ် လီုလာ်ကၠုင် ပ္ဍဲကဵုယူရောပ် ရးပလိုတ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင် အကြာ ခေတ်လဒေါဝ်လပါ်စ ပ္ဍဲအခိင် အကြာ အေဒဳ ၄၀၀ ကဵု ၁၀၀၀ ဂှ်ရ၊၊[၈]ဆဂး လညာတ်သိပ္ပံတအ်ဂှ် သှ်ေၜက်ဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ဂၠးကဝ်မူသလေန် ပ္ဍဲခေတ်ထဝ် အေတ်သလာမ်ဂှ်ရ၊၊[၉] လညာတ်သိပ္ပံ နူကဵု ဂၠးကဝ်မူသလေန်ဂှ် ကလေင်ဗၟံက်ပ္တိုန် ကေုာံ ကလေင်စိုပ် ရးယူရောပ်ပလိုတ်ပၠန်ဂှ် ဒှ်ပ္ဍဲအခိင် နူကဵု ၁၀ ကေုာံ ၁၃ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ မဒှ်အရာကလေင်ဇၞော်မောဝ်ပတိုန် ဒဿနမဆေင်ကဵုသဘာဝ (natural philosophy),[၈][၁၀] နူဂှ် ပ္ဍဲအခိင်ကာလ ၁၆ ဗွဝ်ကၠံ လပါ်စဂှ် ပရေင်ပြံင်လှာဲမဆေင်ကဵုသိပ္ပံ (Scientific Revolution) ကတဵုဒှ်ကၠုင်[၁၁] နကဵု လညာတ်တၟိ ကေုာံ ပရေင်ဆဵုဂဗတၟိ နူကဵု ဗီုပြင်လညာတ်ဒဿနဂရိတ်တြေံတေအ်ရ၊၊[၁၂][၁၃][၁၄][၁၅] နဲကဲမလ္ၚတ် ပရေင်သိပ္ပံဂှ် ဒှ်အရာကိစ္စဇၞော် ပ္ဍဲအရာမခၞံဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ပရေင်လညာတ်သမ္တီမွဲမွဲရ၊၊ ကၠာဟွံဂွံစိုပ် ၁၉ ဗွဝ်ကၠံဏီဂှ် ဒၞာဲဘာ ကေုာံ ကွတ်ပညာနာနာတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံဒုင်သဇိုင် ဟွံဒုင်ကေတ် နကဵုနဲကဲလ္ၚတ် မဆေင်ကဵုသိပ္ပံဏီရ၊၊[၁၆][၁၇][၁၈]နူဂှ် နူကဵု ဒဿနသဘာဝ (natural philosophy) ဂှ် ပြံင်လှာဲအာ နဒဒှ် သိပ္ပံသဘာဝ (natural science)ရ၊၊ [၁၉]

သိပ္ပံခေတ်တၟိဏအ်ဂှ် ညးပါ်လဝ် လပါ်ဇၞော်ပိ၊ (၁) သိပ္ပံသဘာဝ (natural science) (မပ္တံကဵု ဇဳဝဗေဒ၊ ဓါတုဗေဒ၊ ကေုာံ ရူပဗေဒ) မလ္ၚတ် မဆေင်ကဵုသဘာဝ နကဵုဗွိုင်မလှဲလးအိုတ်ရ၊၊ (၂) သိပ္ပံပရေင်မၞိဟ် (social science) (မပ္တံကဵု ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ စိတ္တဗေဒ၊ ပရေင်မၞိဟ်/မနုဿဗေဒ) မလ္ၚတ်ပရူ ပူဂိုလ် ကေုာံ ဂကောံမၞိဟ် ဗီုမၞိဟ်မွဲမွဲ ဗီုလဵုဆက်စပ် ဒၟံင်ကု မၞိဟ်ဂလိုင်(ဂကောံမၞိဟ်)၊ (၃) သိပ္ပံဗီုပြင် (formal science) (မပ္တံကဵု လဝ်ဂျေတ်၊ ဂၞန်သင်္ချာ၊ သိပ္ပံကောန်ပျူတာမဆေင်ကဵု တေသြရဳ (theoretical computer science) ဒဒှ် မလ္ၚတ် အရာမတၞဟ်ခြာရေင်သကအ်တအ်ရ၊၊ ဆဂး အရာလဵု မလုပ်လၟိဟ် သိပ္ပံ အရာလဵု မလုပ်လၟိဟ် သိပ္ပံဟွံသေင်တအ်ဂှ် ဝိဝါဒနွံဒၟံင်ရ၊၊[၂၀][၂၁] ၜိုန်ဂှ်လေဝ် သိပ္ပံဗီုပြင်ဂှ် ၜိုန်ရ ပၠုပ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲစရင်သိပ္ပံကီုလေဝ် အရာတအ်ဂှ် ဟွံတန်တဴဒၟံင် ပ္ဍဲကဵု သက်သဳမချပ်ကေတ် (empirical evidence)ရ၊၊[၂၂]နကဵုဘာသာမ္ဂး သိပ္ပံမဆေင်ကဵု လညာတ်ပညာ သွက်ဂွံစကာ နတဲ ဗီုကဵု အေန်ဂျေန်နဳယျာ၊ ပညာဂဥုဲတအ်ဂှ် ဗၟံက်ထ္ၜးလဝ် နဒဒှ် သိပ္ပံမစကာနတဲ (applied sciences)ရ၊၊[၂၃][၂၄][၂၅][၂၆]

သိပ္ပံဂှ် ဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပရေင်သုတေသန မဒှ်အရာမကၠောန်ပတိုန် နကဵုဂကောံတၠပညာ ကေုာံ ဌာနမလ္ၚတ်သုတေသနဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံကဵု ဂကောံအေဂျေန်သဳသၟိင်တၠ၊ ကေုာံ ကမ္မဏဳတအ်ရ၊၊ သုတေသန သိပ္ပံ မဒုင်သဇိုင် ကုပရေင်နတဲတအ်ဂှ် လ္ၚတ်ဂၠာဲသွဟ် သွက်ဂွံပါလုပ် ဖန်ဇန် ညံင်ဂွံဇၞော်မောဝ် ပခိုဟ်ပတိုန် ပ္ဍဲကဵု ကဏ္ဍမပ္တိတ်ကပေါတ် သွက်ပရေင်ပိုန်ဒြပ်၊ ကပေါတ်အရပ်အရာပၞာန်၊ လွဳလွတ်ပရေင်ထတ်ယုက် ကေုာံ မဂွံစဵုဒၞာဲ ပွဳပွူသဘာဝတအ်ရ၊၊

နိဿဲ ပလေဝ်ဒါန်

  1. ↑ Wiktionary Hindi, शिल्प
  2. ↑ Harper, Douglas. "science". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved September 20, 2014
  3. ↑ Wilson, E.O. (1999). "The natural sciences". Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (Reprint ed.). New York, New York: Vintage. pp. 49–71. ISBN 978-0-679-76867-8.
  4. ↑ Heilbron, J.L. (editor-in-chief) (2003). "Preface". The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. vii-x. ISBN 978-0-19-511229-0. "... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."— p.vii
  5. ↑ "science". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Retrieved October 16, 2011. 3 a: knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method b: such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and its phenomena.
  6. ↑ ၆.၀ ၆.၁ "The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" – one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be." p.3— Lindberg, David C. (2007) "Science before the Greeks". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7 (Second ed.) Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press pp. 1-27
  7. ↑ ၇.၀ ၇.၁ Grant, Edward (2007). "Ancient Egypt to Plato". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First ed.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1
  8. ↑ ၈.၀ ၈.၁ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The revival of learning in the West". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–224. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  9. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context(Second ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–92. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  10. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The recovery and assimilation of Greek and Islamic science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 225–53. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  11. ↑ Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). "Introduction". Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction (First ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-0-199-56741-6.
  12. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (1990). "Conceptions of the Scientific Revolution from Baker to Butterfield: A preliminary sketch". In David C. Lindberg; Robert S. Westman (eds.). Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution (First ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 978-0-521-34262-9.
  13. ↑ Lindberg, David C. (2007). "The legacy of ancient and medieval science". The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context (2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. pp. 357–368. ISBN 978-0-226-48205-7.
  14. ↑ Del Soldato, Eva (2016). Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
  15. ↑ Grant, Edward (2007). "Transformation of medieval natural philosophy from the early period modern period to the end of the nineteenth century". A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century (First ed.). New York, New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–322. ISBN 978-052-1-68957-1
  16. ↑ Cahan, David, ed. (2003). From Natural Philosophy to the Sciences: Writing the History of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-08928-7.
  17. ↑ The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.
  18. ↑ Lightman, Bernard (2011). "13. Science and the Public". In Shank, Michael; Numbers, Ronald; Harrison, Peter (eds.). Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0226317830.
  19. ↑ Harrison, Peter (2015). The Territories of Science and Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 164–165. ISBN 9780226184517. The changing character of those engaged in scientific endeavors was matched by a new nomenclature for their endeavors. The most conspicuous marker of this change was the replacement of "natural philosophy" by "natural science". In 1800 few had spoken of the "natural sciences" but by 1880, this expression had overtaken the traditional label "natural philosophy". The persistence of "natural philosophy" in the twentieth century is owing largely to historical references to a past practice (see figure 11). As should now be apparent, this was not simply the substitution of one term by another, but involved the jettisoning of a range of personal qualities relating to the conduct of philosophy and the living of the philosophical life.
  20. ↑ Bishop, Alan (1991). "Environmental activities and mathematical culture". Mathematical Enculturation: A Cultural Perspective on Mathematics Education. Norwell, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 20–59. ISBN 978-0-792-31270-3.
  21. ↑ Bunge, Mario (1998). "The Scientific Approach". Philosophy of Science: Volume 1, From Problem to Theory. 1 (revised ed.). New York, New York: Routledge. pp. 3–50. ISBN 978-0-765-80413-6.
  22. ↑ Fetzer, James H. (2013). "Computer reliability and public policy: Limits of knowledge of computer-based systems". Computers and Cognition: Why Minds are not Machines (1st ed.). Newcastle, United Kingdom: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 271–308. ISBN 978-1-443-81946-6.
  23. ↑ Fischer, M.R.; Fabry, G (2014). "Thinking and acting scientifically: Indispensable basis of medical education". GMS Zeitschrift für Medizinische Ausbildung. 31 (2): Doc24. doi:10.3205/zma000916. PMC 4027809. PMID 24872859.
  24. ↑ Abraham, Reem Rachel (2004). "Clinically oriented physiology teaching: strategy for developing critical-thinking skills in undergraduate medical students". Advances in Physiology Education. 28 (3): 102–04. doi:10.1152/advan.00001.2004. PMID 15319191.
  25. ↑ Sinclair, Marius. "On the Differences between the Engineering and Scientific Methods". The International Journal of Engineering Education.
  26. ↑ "Engineering Technology :: Engineering Technology :: Purdue School of Engineering and Technology, IUPUI". www.engr.iupui.edu. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
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