တၞံ

Plants; Temporal range: ထာမ်ပလိက်:Long fossil range
မပါ်ဂကူ အတိုင်နဲသိပ္ပံ
Domain:	{{{1}}}
လောက:	Plantae; sensu Copeland, 1956
Superdivisions
	Chlorokybophyta; Mesostigmatophyta; Spirotaenia; Chlorobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997 Chlorophyta; ; Streptobionta Kenrick & Crane 1997 Klebsormidiophyceae; Charophyta (stoneworts); ?Chaetosphaeridiales; Coleochaetophyta; Zygnematophyta; Embryophyta Engler, 1892 (land plants) Marchantiophyta (liverworts); Bryophyta (mosses); Anthocerotophyta (hornworts); †Horneophyta; †Aglaophyta; Tracheophyta (vascular plants); ; ;
ယၟုတၞဟ်
	Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981; Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004; Chlorobiota Kenrick and Crane 1997; Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005 ; Phyta Barkley 1939 emend. Holt & Uidica 2007; Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836; Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948; Euplanta Barkley, 1949; Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964; Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966; Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969;

တၞံ(အၚ်္ဂလိက်: Plant) ဂှ် ဒှ်အရာ မနွံကဵု ကလာပ်ရုပ်နာနာ၊ မဂျိုင်တန်တဴ နကဵု photosynthetic eukaryotes မဒှ်ဂကောံ ရုက္ခလောက (kingdom Plantae) မပ္တံ တၞံဆု၊ တၞံရာပ်၊ တၞံသၞေဝ်၊ အိက်ၚေက်တအ်ရ။ နကဵု နဲကဲတြေမ်မ္ဂး ပ္ဍဲလောကၜါ သတ်မဂျိုင်လမျီု သီုဖအိုတ် မပ္တံကဵု တိရစ္ဆာန်တအ်ဂှ် ပၠုပ်စုတ် ပ္ဍဲသတ္တလောကတုဲ တၞံဂမၠိုင် သီုကဵု အိက်ၚေက်၊ ပတိုဟ်တအ်ဂှ် ပၠုပ်လဝ် ပ္ဍဲ ရုက္ခလောက ရ။ ဆဂး ပွံက် ရုက္ခလောက (definitions of Plantae) လၟုဟ်ဂှ် ပတိုဟ်၊ အိက်ၚေက် ဂကူလ္ၚဵု ကေုာံ prokaryotes မဒှ်အရာ ဨကကလာပ်ရုပ်ဂမၠိုင်တအ်ဂှ် ဟွံပၠုပ်စုတ် ပ္ဍဲရုက္ခလောကရ။

တၞံသၚေက်ဂမၠိုင် (Green plants) ဂှ် ဒြဟတ်ဍေဟ်တအ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်ဂှ် ကၠုင်နူ လျးတ္ၚဲ၊ ဗွဲတၟေင် တၞးသၚေက် (chloroplast) မနွံကဵု endosymbiosis ဟွံသေင်မ္ဂး cyanobacteria တအ်ဂှ် နကဵု လျးသံယိုဂ် (photosynthesis)ဂှ် ဖန်ဗဒှ်ပတိုန် ဒြဟတ် (ဝါ)အဟာရဇကု ညံင်ဂွံဂျိုင် ကေုာံ ဇၞော်ဂေါဝ်ရ။ ပ္ဍဲကဵု တၞးသၚေက်ဍေဟ်တအ် နွံကဵု နွံကဵု အသာ်သၚေက် (chlorophyll) a ကဵု b ရ။ အရာဏအ်ဂှ်ရ ပကဵုဍေဟ်တအ် ညံင်ဂွံဒှ် အသာ်သၚေက်ရ။ တၞံလ္ၚဵုတအ်ဂှ် ဒှ် parasitic ဟွံသေင်းမ္ဂး mycotrophic ကေုာံ ဟွံမဲကု အစောမ်စရာဲ သွက်ဂွံကၠောန်ပ္တိတ် အသာ်သၚေက် (chlorophyll) တုဲ ကၠောန်ပ လျးပယိုဂ် ဟွံဂွံတုဲ ဒးဗဒဗဒါဲ နူကဵု တၞံတၞဟ်တအ် မကၠောန်ပတိတ်လဝ် ဒြဟတ်တအ်ရ။ တၞံတအ်ဂှ် နွံကဵု ပရေင်မကလေင်ခၞံပတိတ် နကဵုဆက်ဆောံလိင် (sexual reproduction) ကေုာံ မခၞံဗဒှ်တၞောဝ်တၟိ နကဵုနဲတၞဟ် (alternation of generations)ရ။ ဗွဲမဂၠိုင်မ္ဂး ပရေင်ကလေင်ခၞံပတိတ် နကဵုဆက်ဆောံလိင်ဂှ် နွံဂၠိုင်ရ။

ဂကူတၞံ သီုဖအိုတ် နွံၜိုတ် ၃၂၀,၀၀၀ တုဲ ပ္ဍဲတအ်ဂှ် ဗွဲမဂၠိုင် အကြာ ၂၆၀-၂၉၀ ဂကူဂှ် ပ္တိတ် မ ရ။^[၅] တၞံသၚေက်တအ်ဂှ် ပ္ဍိုက်ဗပေင်ဒၟံင် ဓါတ်မဝ်လေကျူ အံက်သေဂျေန် (molecular oxygen) မဒှ် အရာမနွံပၟိက် ပ္ဍဲကဵုဂၠးတိဏအ်^[၆] ကေုာံ အရာသဇိုင်အဓိက သွက်သၞောတ်ဂေဟဂၠးတိ (Earth's ecosystems) ညံင်ဂွံဂေတ်ရ။ တၞံ မပတိတ် သြောအ် (grain)၊ သတ် (fruit) ကေုာံ သၞေဝ် (vegetables) တအ်ဂှ်လေဝ် ဒှ်အရာအဓိက စၞစ ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ်တုဲ ကောန်မၞိဟ်တအ် တဵုလွဳကၠုင်ဒၟံင် နူကဵု သၞာံမဂၠိုင်ကဵုလ္ၚီရ။ တၞံတအ်ဂှ် ရပ်စပ် စကာဒၟံင် ဒၞာဲဗွဲမဂၠိုင် ပ္ဍဲအရာ ယေန်သၞာင် ပြဝေဏဳဂမၠိုင် မပ္တံ မစြဟ်ဝက်၊ ပူဇဴကျာ်၊ ဗလိ ဒေဝတဴကီု သီုကဵု စကာ ပ္ဍဲအရာ မသြိုင်ခၞံ မပ္တံကဵု ဆု သွက်ဂွံသြိုင်သ္ၚိ၊ ဒက်ဂၠုင်၊ ကပေါတ်ကသူ မချူ မပတံကဵု လိက် ကေုာံ ဒဗျဂဥုဲဇဗဂမၠိုင်ကီုရ။ ပညာမလ္ၚတ် တၞံတအ်ဂှ် ညးကော်စ ရုက္ခဗေဒ (botany) မဒှ် လစှ်ေ ဇဳဝဗေဒ (biology) ရ။

ပွံက်

ထာမ်ပလိက်:Barlabel

အိက်ၚာက် Algae

Green algae from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904.

ပတိုဟ် Fungi

လပါ် Diversity

**Diversity of living green plant (Viridiplantae) divisions**
Informal group	Division name	Common name	No. of living species	Approximate No. in informal group
Green algae	Chlorophyta	green algae (chlorophytes)	3,800–4,300 ^[၇]	8,500 (6,600–10,300)
Green algae	Charophyta	green algae (e.g. desmids & stoneworts)	2,800–6,000 ^[၈]	8,500 (6,600–10,300)
Bryophytes	Marchantiophyta	liverworts	6,000–8,000 ^[၉]	19,000 (18,100–20,200)
	Anthocerotophyta	hornworts	100–200 ^[၁၀]
	Bryophyta	mosses	12,000 ^[၁၁]
Pteridophytes	Lycopodiophyta	club mosses	1,200 ^[၁၂]	12,000 (12,200)
Pteridophytes	Pteridophyta	ferns, whisk ferns & horsetails	11,000	12,000 (12,200)
Seed plants	Cycadophyta	cycads	160 ^[၁၃]	260,000 (259,511)
	Ginkgophyta	ginkgo	1 ^[၁၄]
	Pinophyta	conifers	630
	Gnetophyta	gnetophytes	70
	Magnoliophyta	flowering plants	258,650 ^[၁၅]

ထာမ်ပလိက်:Barlabel

Embryophytes

Dicksonia antarctica, a species of tree fern

ဇမြ (Fossils)

A petrified log in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona

လဒက်ပတန်၊ ဇၞော် ကေုာံ ဇၞော်မောဝ် Structure, growth and development

The leaf is usually the primary site of photosynthesis in plants.

There is no photosynthesis in deciduous leaves in autumn.

ကလာပ်ရုပ် တၞံ Plant cells

Plant cell structure

ခန္ဓဗေဒ Physiology

သင်ဂြး Photosynthesis

Plants are photosynthetic, which means that they manufacture their own food molecules using energy obtained from light. The primary mechanism plants have for capturing light energy is the pigment chlorophyll. All green plants contain two forms of chlorophyll, chlorophyll <i id="mwAyI">a</i> and chlorophyll <i id="mwAyQ">b</i>. The latter of these pigments is not found in red or brown algae. The simple equation of photosynthesis is as follows:

{\ce {6CO2{}+6H2O{}->[{\text{light}}]C6H12O6{}+6O2{}}}

သၞောတ် ဒြဟတ်အိမ်မုန် Immune system

Internal distribution

ဗဳဇ Genomics

ဂေဟဗေဒ Ecology

Food

Mechanical harvest of oats.

↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". BioSystems 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
↑ "Green algae and the origin of land plants" (2004). American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.
↑ (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7။
↑ "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists" (2005). Journal of Eukaryote Microbiology 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
↑ Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2010). International Union for Conservation of Nature (11 March 2010).
↑ "Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components" .
↑ Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pp. 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
↑ Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pp. 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9
↑ Crandall-Stotler, Barbara & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". p. 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-66097-1
↑ Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pp. 712–713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.
↑ Goffinet, Bernard (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification".
↑ Raven, Peter H. (2005). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company။
↑ Gifford, Ernest M. (1988). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company။
↑ Taylor, Thomas N. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice-Hall။
↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.

[CavalierSmith1981-1] Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". BioSystems 14 (3–4): 461–481. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.

[LewisMcCourt-2] "Green algae and the origin of land plants" (2004). American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1535–1556. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308.

[KenrickCrane1997-3] (1997) The origin and early diversification of land plants: A cladistic study. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 978-1-56098-730-7။

[Adl-4] "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists" (2005). Journal of Eukaryote Microbiology 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.

[IUCNdata-5] Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2010). International Union for Conservation of Nature (11 March 2010).

[behrenfeld-6] "Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and oceanic components" .

[7] Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pp. 343, 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9

[8] Van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; & Jahns, H.M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. pp. 457, 463, & 476. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-30419-9

[9] Crandall-Stotler, Barbara & Stotler, Raymond E., 2000. "Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta". p. 21 in A. Jonathan Shaw & Bernard Goffinet (Eds.), Bryophyte Biology. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). ISBN 0-521-66097-1

[10] Schuster, Rudolf M., The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America, volume VI, pp. 712–713. (Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1992). ISBN 0-914868-21-7.

[Goffinet_&_Buck_2004-11] Goffinet, Bernard (2004). "Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification".

[Raven_2005-12] Raven, Peter H. (2005). Biology of Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company။

[13] Gifford, Ernest M. (1988). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants. W.H. Freeman and Company။

[14] Taylor, Thomas N. (1993). The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants. Prentice-Hall။

[15] International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics Error in Webarchive template: Empty url.

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